"Having the genes of our evolutionary cousins mapped out will help us better understand ourselves." "We can trace how vertebrates evolved over time and eventually gave rise to genes and sequences that are uniquely found in humans. "In some ways, we're building an evolutionary time machine," Schatz said. The team will continue working with the Vertebrate Genomes Project to sequence the genomes of at least one species across all 275 vertebrate orders. Now, anyone on the planet with access to the internet can visit the website and, with a few clicks of the button, run multiple scientific tools," said Alex Ostrovsky, a Johns Hopkins software engineer on the Galaxy team who was responsible for making the tools easy to use for noncoders. "In the past, only a handful of elite research groups would have had access to the resources needed to assemble these genomes. The open-source software is available online via Galaxy, a web-based platform, based at Johns Hopkins and Penn State, that offers scientific software for free to the public and supports half a million scientists and educators worldwide. The new technology was far better at reassembling segments of the genome, creating a more accurate and complete map. To test their technology, researchers mapped the genome of the zebra finch, a songbird that had already been sequenced to study brain development. "Our new program, using the latest sequencing data and the latest assembly algorithms, knows how to work through those parts to get a more complete picture." That's the problem with genome assembly," Schatz said. "Have you ever done a massive jigsaw puzzle where at some point all that's left is blue sky, and you don't think you'll ever be able to fit the right pieces together? The old software would basically give up on these hard parts of the genome. Computer programs then take those segments and determine how they fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.īut traditional technology was not able to finish the puzzle. Researchers must rely on tools that break down the genome into smaller, easier to read segments. Vertebrate genomes are billions of characters long, too long for any gene sequencing technology to read in one complete pass. But, researchers say, this work has been limited by the number and quality of vertebrate genomes available, which has focused on a few key species. By comparing the complete genomes of these species, researchers can start to identify when and where DNA sequences diverged and the implications of those differences for humans. Mammals, a subset of vertebrates that includes primates, dogs, cats, mice, and humans, share 50% to 99% of the same DNA and nearly all the genes from a common ancestor that lived roughly 200 million years ago. The findings are newly published today in the journal Nature Biotechnology. The researchers developed novel algorithms and computer software that cut the sequencing time from months - or decades in the case of the human genome - to a matter of days. The team, working with the Vertebrate Genomes Project, sequenced the genomes of 51 vertebrate species, prioritizing those that are useful models for understanding human evolution. "A lot of work on drug compounds starts in mice and other animal models, so understanding their genomes and the genomes of other animals directly benefits us." "Being able to access that genetic information will have huge implications for understanding human health and evolution," said lead author Michael Schatz, a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of computer science and biology at Johns Hopkins University.
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